Electrons can move rather easily from one atom to another in some materials. In
other substances, it is difficult to get electrons to move. But in any case, it is far easier
to move electrons than it is to move protons. Electricity almost always results, in some
way, from the motion of electrons in a material.
Electrons are much lighter than protons or neutrons. In fact, compared to the nucleus
of an atom, the electrons weigh practically nothing.
Generally, the number of electrons in an atom is the same as the number of protons.
The negative charges therefore exactly cancel out the positive ones, and the atom is
electrically neutral. But under some conditions, there can be an excess or shortage of
electrons. High levels of radiant energy, extreme heat, or the presence of an electric field
(discussed later) can “knock” or “throw” electrons loose from atoms, upsetting the balance
Ions
If an atom has more or less electrons than neutrons, that atom acquires an electrical
charge. A shortage of electrons results in positive charge; an excess of electrons gives a
negative charge. The element’s identity remains the same, no matter how great the excess
or shortage of electrons. In the extreme case, all the electrons might be removed
Conductors
In some materials, electrons move easily from atom to atom. In others, the electrons
move with difficulty. And in some materials, it is almost impossible to get them to move.
An electrical conductor is a substance in which the electrons are mobile.
An insulating material is sometimes called a dielectric. This term arises from the
fact that it keeps electrical charges apart, preventing the flow of electrons that would
equalize a charge difference between two places. Excellent insulating materials can be
used to advantage in certain electrical components such as capacitors, where it is important
that electrons not flow.
An EMF (electromotive force) of one volt, across a resistance of one ohm, will cause a current of one ampere
to flow. This is a classic relationship in electricity, and is stated generally as Ohm’s Law.
If the EMF is doubled, the current is doubled. If the resistance is doubled, the current
is cut in half.
It is possible to have an EMF without having any current. This is the case just
before a lightning bolt occurs, and before you touch that radiator after walking on the
carpet. It is also true between the two wires of an electric lamp when the switch is
turned off. It is true of a dry cell when there is nothing connected to it. There is no current,
but a current is possible given a conductive path between the two points. Voltage,
or EMF, is sometimes called potential or potential difference for this reason
i dont want to here any debates.. read lean understand..
***************notes***************
charges in a wire are caused by excess or shortage of electrons for copper atoms.
conductors allow more fluid transfer of electrons..
t
he stainless steel will create resistance less fluid like transfer
emf transformers put out higher current as frequency increases..
double the resistance current drops by half
10-20khz is a low frequency so lower current being forced by emf transformer primary to secondary
turns then take over for upping volts.. even more volts and resistance/ impeadance is added by chokes to restrict the low amp voltage.
positve choke gets super saturated with positve copper ions.. the capacitance of the choke means more volume for more positive copper ions to be stored.. they in return want electrons so bad there trying to steel waters electons.. it will go for waters before it will go for the negative excitor plate since the waters are closer.. any that try to jump in the form of current is choked of by resistance of neg choke.
when tuning negative choke to waters resistance you are mainly lowering its potential of neg to prevent it from being strong enough to cross.
hope this helps all
outlawstc
