In short, I have come to a reasonable certainty that Tony's VIC circuit as is is not capable of working correctly to charge the water cell.
Also from my experiences with my PWMs and my observation and studying the 4046 chip, I believe that using the 4046 as the main frequency driver is not suitable and will never produce the desired result.
Alternatively, there is a problem with my copy of the circuit that I haven't yet been able to determine.
However, I will also not pretend that I have high experience or am an expert using 4046 or circuit design. I could be wrong. I am just commenting about my experience and conclusions up to this point.
I have turned instead to the boards being provided by Ronnie Walker and Neal Ward at
http://www.stanmeyerreplications.net and will start testing with them this weekend.