1 number of coils
2 number if turns. (Per coil
3 length pf coil
4 velocity
5. Strength of flux density CAN BE CALCULATED using the values of factors 1 though 4 for the six tier EPG
Basic information on the Electrical Particle Generators comes from the followings sources:
REFERENCES without redacted pages
3 Stanley A Meyer Technical Manual but includes redacted pages that
2. High Resolution Photographs of EPGs by Don Gabel Globalkast.com, open-source-energy.com
3 Yahoo Stan Meyer Interest Group site no longer available Deercreek Seminar
4. Index to Electrical Particle Generator. WFC Memo 418 News REleaseWinter/Spring 86/87 p.2 Free downloads at ionization.com, globalkast.com, open-source-energy-org
6. Grove City Record July 4 1985, "Water Fuel Cell considered for Star Wars Program" ( Picture of Multiple-Tier EPG )
7. Stanley A. Meyer, Technical Bulletin (First and Second Editions) Laboratory Copies ref LOC
8. Stanley A. Meyer, The Birth of New Technology 1991,1994,1995 editions Posted Free downloads at Globalkast.com, Ionizationx.com, open-source energy.org
11. Private video collections from Michigan, Ohio, California and a UK Collection From 2 Meyer videographers ,and Michigan, Ohio, and London collections
12. Stanley A Meyer Anthology 1975-2021 (Newspaper, Magazine, Publications, Conference and Laboratory Videos) unpublished by Author
13. Stanley A. Meyer Videography posted at ionizationx.com and open-source-engergy.org Conference and Laboratory Videos) unpublished by Author
15. Multi-Tier EPG Lab Archive Video 1984
16. Canadian Patent "Electrical Particle Generator" CA Patent Number 12136ey 71A1
17. The EPG Enigma " Bremen Conference Handout image SMEPG022 (C) Stanley Meyer Archive
18. jpg 175 2009 Gabel phograph visit Gabel//Orion 13 June 2009 DSC-0175
Using information from photographs, documents and using electronic mathematical formulas, operating characteristics of the Electrical Particle Generators (EPG)- may be obtained Because we know the
design power output of the multitier system , we can use the 4 values known in a 5 variable EMF transformer equation to come up wit estimates of Betamax and flux values in the magnetic plasma
gas matrix. If that value is substituted into the single tier systems what would be a calculated voltage and or output value for the single tier systems
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Resistors and Capacitors not discussed in this articleV
An intrinsic portion of the Stanley Meyer technology had inductors, chokes and coils as important components of devices in the VIC,EPG and other printed circuit boards
Many of Stanley Meyer's patents and publications provide diagrams provide the general description or have line drawings that lack exact component values FOR the capacitors and resistors is much more straightforward using programs that match color code bands on resistors with values and OCR image data files input cross-matched with component files based on supplier catalog scans is not discussed here resistors, capacitors , coils and chokes. Fortunately, the high resolution photographs from the L3 storage unit and by Don Gabel, The Orion Project and others allow for many printed circuits to be closely reconstructed.
The following section is related to the photogrammetric analysis of coils and inductors. The values of the capacitors and resistors is much more straightforward using programs that match color code bands on resistors with values and OCR image data files input cross-matched with component files based on supplier catalog scans is not discussed here
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COILS AND INDUCTORS
1.Number of Pick-up Coils KNOWN
When designing an Electrical Particle Generator ( EPG), the number of turns, number of coils, and the method on connecting can be varied depending upon the desired output in terms of amps and volts.
For the number of pick-up coils a visual examination of the high resolution images published by Don Gabel. provides the needed information.
The following is a listing of number coils for the various versions of EPGs from images posted by Don Gabel
Single tier systems
Description 3 channel Coils^ 4 channel Coil ^ Total Coils Core Turns/tier Image Metadata/ref Date File
Mechanical Drive EPG 57 19 76 3.25 June 2009 jpg Gabel/Orion 13 Jun 2009 DSC-0178
Magnetic Gas Accelerator 28 29 57 3.5. June 2009 jpg Gabel/Orion 13 June 2009 DSC--
Photon Gas Accelerator ? ? ? ? p .J12 Dealership Sales Manual
.
Magnetic Spin Accelerator 71 10 81 June 2009 jpg Gabel/Orion files 13 June 2009 DSC-0171
Coil 1.25 cup Coil Assembly 82 0 82 3 June 2009 jpg Gabel/Orion files 13 June 2009 DSC-0
* refers to the number of copper turns or channel cores in the that section of the spiraled copper tubing
Multi-tier Systems
6-tier Mag Gas Plasma All 6 tiers had 3.5 core turns grouped in pairs electrically to obtain 3 phase output Deercreek Seminar image and Laboratory Video Archive
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2.The Number of Turns ) KNOWN
To find[ total b] number of winds[on a pickup coil ,two numbers need to be obtained:
1. number of winds that can fit on the length of the pick-up coil bobbin
2. number of layers of windings
. Number of winds per length of coil
For coils wound with a single layer of winds, close up inspection of the coils may be sufficient to directly count the number of windings. However multiple layer coils requires the use of more advanced techniques using the concept of Circle Packing Theory
Because high resolution photographs of the electrical particle generators exist, it is possible to estimate the number of turns per length coil by the following means:
A program such as Screen-caliper (r) or Adobe Photoshop( r) can measure distance or provide pixel counts. Basically the measurements are compared to values from
known components In this manner the size of objects in a picture. are obtained. Using this method, it was determined that the diameter of the wire used to wind the pick-up coils was 22 gauge wire or 0.025 inch diameter AWG. Thus, if the number of visible turns per coil can be determined and an estimate of the linear length of the coil can be made then by determining the thickness of the winding, an estimate of the number of turns per coil can be calculated.
The actual outside diameter of the tubing was directly measured by Gabel and so the O..D of pipe used in the spiraled core is known (0.5 inches) with great precision.
If the cross section area of "winding window" is calculated and the wire gauge known, circle packing theory allows estimates of the number of turns per coil (N) to be calculated.
Empirical method
To use the empirical method , bind together 3 sections of copper tubing laid side by side and to physically wrap a coil of suitable length and winding depth. Adding complexity of the problem of the style or type of winding used( i.e. hexagonal, rectangular or random) One can wind more turns on a bobbin if the winding is hexagonal and less if its random because of a larger air space between adjacent winds.
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3.Length of individual pickup Coils[ (L) ) KNOWN
The length of the pickup coil (L) is considered to be the linear distance of the core that is occupied by each of the pickup windings.
Methods of calculation
1.Approximate method
One method would be to determine the circumference of the spiraled core and divide by the number of observed pickup coils. So, as an example, the diameter of the spiraled tubing is about 16 inches yielding a circumference of about 51 inches. Now suppose you counted 25 pickup coils, ( then 51 divided by 25) would mean that each pickup coils is approximately 2 inches long.
2. More precise method
Now in practice, the length of the coils is more closely approximated by accounting for the length of spiral occupied by dividers and unwrapped length of unwound core. Because the length of the pickup coil (L)will be used in later inductance calculations it is important to obtain a good estimate of its value. For example the pickup coil count for the Mechanical Pum EPG is 57, with 2 unwound sections and sixty spacers. Thus, 1/59th of the circumference of the spiraled core..( 17 time Pi) divided by 59 equalsx0.905 inches.
3. Wire gauge method
Fortunately, the gauge of the wire is known with some precision Also the number of visible windings times the diameter of the wire can also be used as a cross-check for the directed length measurement of the coils.
4. Direct measurement
From measurement of existing devices or ratio method of comparing pixel length of part the pixel count of anther part whose actual length is known..
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The following section is related to the photogrammetric analysis of coils and inductors. The values of the capacitors and resistors is much more straightforward using programs that match color code bands on resistors with values and OCR image data files input cross-matched with component files based on supplier catalog scans is not discussed here
.
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Inductor and Coil Methods
Method 1. Determine Length (L) of bobbin, thickness or depth of winding,/the wire gauge and method of winding.
The diameter of the outermost EPG channel or loop can be estimated.at about 17 inches Therefore the outer circumference can be estimated at 17 x Pi inches. By dividing the circumference by the observed number of coils an estimated length of each coil can be made.
.
Method 2
A further refinement in precision can be made by subtraction of the total length L occupied by coil spacers. So in the case where you count, as an example, assuming a diameter of 17 inches, 59 coils and 60 coil end spacers, each winding is 1/59th of the circumference of 53.4 inches or calculated at about 0.905 inches long. (This is accounting for the total distance occupied by spacer or dividers on the spiral. and additional adjustment to the calculations taking into account the length of the spiral not wrapped with any windingsMethod 3. Direct Measurement
Because of the high resolution photographs available, estimates the length of a coil can be made
directly by use of the measuring tools in Adobe Photoshop (r)or Screen Caliper(r) Using a known measurement such as the exact outside diameter of tubing i.e.. (0.500 inches) comparing relative size with a screen distance tool in Photoshop(r) or another program such as Screen Caliper(r) the length of the coil can be determined with precision. The results of visible wire counts from a number of coils can be averaged as a starting point for calculations.
Thickness or Height of coilsOnce the length of the pick up coils is determined,. the other factor needed is the height (H) of the winding window Since the outside diameter (O.D.) of the core channel is known, an estimate of the height of depth of winding may be obtained by using photogrammetric methods and the following method.
1. The
total thickness or height of the wound coil is first measured.
2. Then the core diameter is then subtracted.
3. The resulting value is divided by 2, to obtain the height (H) of the winding window. (one side of the coil)
The length (L) of the coils is determined by the methods previously discussed.
Multiplying the height (H) by coil length( L) yields the area (A) of the
winding window Thus, a
winding window with height H and length L representing the area on a bobbin or coil through which the windings pass can be calculated Again, if the values H and L are multiplied, H TIMES L = A , then the area of the winding window is now determined. Considerate it as a cross-sectional view of the coil windings with the ends of each wire being viewed as a cross-section or circle
Something like this:
IIOOOOOOOOOOOOII
IIOOOOOOOOOOOOII
IIOOOOOOOOOOOOII
--representing 3 layers of wire with 12 wraps (the II symbolizing the coil dividers)3 layers of wire by 12 wires wide or 36 turns or wraps of wire around a bobbin.
A thinner gauge wire can have more windings on the same size bobbin, as below:
IIooooooooooooooooooII
IIooooooooooooooooooII
HooooooooooooooooooII
In this example, a thinner wire could be wound 18 times on the same length of bobbin. So the thinner the wire, the greater the number of winds per layer. Also the number of layers would be greater. with thinner wire.
Intuitively a bobbin wound with thinner wire will have more turns than one wound with a thicker wire.
Short-cut to determine the number of winds on coilsBasic Method1. Determine the length of the coil bobbin L
2. Determine the diameter of the wire that s wound upon the bobbin. W
3. Determine the height of the winding H
4 Divide the length of the coil bobbin by the diameter of the wire is used in winding the coil L/W
5. Divide the height of the coil winding by the diameter of the wire used in winding the coil H/W
Application to the Rectangular and Hexagonal Winding Methods
Rectangular Method
Since the wires in a
rectangular winding are not offset as in the hexagonal winding method: Thus ,
L/W equals the number of winds across the length of the bobbin and,
H/W equals the number of layers of winds of the bobbin
Let's try a quick calculation with coils 0'905 inches long and 0.5 inches in thickness and using 22 gauge wire (0.0254 inches) and rectangular winding
0.905 inches divided by 0.0254 = 35.9, 0.5 divided by 0.0254 inches = 19.7 , therefore the number of winds on this pickup coil with rectangular winding ( after rounding)
is 36 times 20 or
720 winds for rectangular winding method
Now let's try a quick calculation with coils 0.905 inches long and 0.5 inches in thickness and using 22gauge AWG wire (0.0254 inches) and hexagonal winding.
Now since the rectangular winding is not the moats efficient use of space of the winding window ( The hexagonal method allows for more winds per given area
of winding area) the figure of 720 winds is modified by the multiplying this figure by 1.1547, yielding
831 winds possible for the hexagonal method
The packing ratio for hexagonal windings 0.9069 The packing ratio for rectangular winding is 0.785\
0.9069 divided by 0.7854 equals 1.1547 (the ratio of packing fractions)
720 times 1.1547 yields 831 as an approximate number of windings per pickup coil using the hexagonal winding method
As a verification of this calculation on line follow link to Engineers toolbox and use 0.905 inches by 0.5/inches with a wire diameter of 0.025https://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/circles-within-rectangle-d_1905.htmlThose calculations show 660 and 770 winds for the rectangular and hexagonal windings respectively about 92% of the other figures obtained with the other method
The winding window value has a range between .78 and ..905 so you have a value range for calculation of the pickup coils
Like wise the length of the coil can be estimated by averaging the length of 5 or six pickup oils
The velocity of the circulating magnetic medium is about 50 ips
Frequency is thought to be 60 hz. Based on the number of coils about 50
The rate of light flash on adjustment control unit
Cross serio al a area of tu if is known within a given range
Si volume of magnetic slurry or gas can be estimates
In the mechanical drives system liquids are essentially non compressible
Gases are.
Because the output of the multitier is stated. By pretending that a effofluid is uses a value can be. Calculated for a range of flux values can be calculated
Then plug in these values for the rate of speed that is known for single level epg
Then perhaps a value for the output of the mechanical drive epg can be determined
I’m going back to basics and hopefully some possible outputs
One source stTed that Stan was working with ferrofluids and when
He came ba k from lunch. The was a black fluid poured out on the ground smoking
Did an epg overheat? I heard clip on one of the archive tapes where
Says. … and then you put it in cryogenics…. A short clip but it might mean that
The fluids would get hot… I’m going to revist and redo this post with better strop by step construction and showing the math better
t
he values by the online 781 and 684 winds so the figures seem to be in the same ball park!!E = 4.44 x F x N x Φm ……
expanding....
E = 4.44 x F x N x x A … [ because (Φm = Bmax]
rearranging, to solve for Bm...... Bm = E divided by( 4.44 x F x N x A)
SOLVING FOR A VALUE MAGNETIC FLUX IN THE MAGNETIC GAS OF ONE TIER EPGrearranging, to solve for Bm...... Bm = E divided by( 4.44 x F x N x A)
E = voltage
unknown F = supply frequency Hz/sec
known 60 HzN = number of turns
known 831A = cross sectional area in square meters
known 0.0001406 Meters squared calculated for( 0.5 OD type K)
Bm = peak magnetic flux density in Weber / meter squared or T tesla use estimate for six tier system 1/6 the BetaMax?
K = 4.44
V = 4.44 x F x N x A x B
V = 4.44 x 60 Hz x 831 x 0.000146 x 4.2 = 414
Is414 volts a reasonable value 440 VOLTS 
OR is flux value only ONE SIXTH OF THE MULTITIER SYSTEM?? .166 X 414 138 V CLOSE TO MAINS 120 V?
This was using maximum winding of 831,
but what value is OBTAINED FOR RANDOM WINDING AS INDICATED BY OBSERVARION OF THE HIG RESOLUTION PHOTOS?Stanley Meyer's Multiple-Tier EPG as seen in the available imagery,(see attachment 1) shows vertical connections between the tiers.
One suggested design improvement to reduce flow turbulence is to angle the connection tubes between the tiers
By the use of standard 45 degree angled pipe connectors, an angled connection tube between tiers would be possible..
Since the angle of the resulting connecting tubes would be 45 degrees, the draining of ferrofluid and flow of the mag-gases would be improved,
The resulting likely increased velocity would result in an increase amount of induced current in the pickup coils Since some the present designs and replications have an inter-tier spacings of 15.3 cm, the connecting tubes would
need to be increased or multiplied by the cosecant of 45 degrees or a factor of 1.414 yielding 21.6 cm. This would increase the flow distance each tier in the modeling by about 1.5%, which is felt to
be outweighed by the expected increase in flow rate..
The cross-sectional area of the spiraled tubing is an important factor but as per documents the velocity is directly related to power output in the power output calculations. So the suggestion is certainly worthy of consideration.
see attachment 2
On the three phase systems, to maintain similarity of construction in the six tier models, there is no need to increase TH1 because despite the 45 degree angle in tier 1 connector tube (part THC1), tangent of 45 degrees is still 1.00. The inter-tier spacing
in the construction spreadsheet should be the same, although the construction materials list would need to be adjusted as well as the parts lists.
A: good catch sandia24, ill take a look the figure is off by of a factor of 1000, it may be because of a Tesla to Weber conversion
Weber to Tesla or cm squared to meter squared conversion error??
the 45 angle connections are not coplanar because of the offset of the enter and exit openings between the two tiers being connected. Basically if you are looking from the top of the device You can have the coplanar arrangement but this means the gas/slurry would be moving clockwise with every other tier moving counterclockwise. The idea is to have the drainage of the gas/slurry draining as water does as it goes down a sink and not to change direction. For the slurry systems especially, you want to take advantage o gravitation without introducing turbulence from oppositional flow direction of course the length of the tier connecting tubes need to be adjusted to allow for the offset angle For the typical 15cm inter tier spacing , the offset is about 2.5 cm
To take advantage of the momentum of the ferro-fluid as it drain In the UK and across the pod in the US, the pipe bends are either 45 or 90 degrees so I think that the 45 degree solution is the most practical in terms of part acquisition. I'm not sure about the drainage direction. Depending on the hemisphere , direction of maelstrom or whirlpools tend to be CW in one and CCW in the other but with the assembly be mindful of the direction of the spiraled tiers with the top tier having the inlet closest recovery tube Top down flow consistent with Coriolis effect.
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3. Number of winds Circle Packing theory see
Wikipedia KNOWNOnce the length and height of the winding window. are determined it is necessary to consider the method of winding to obtain estimates of the number of turns per pickup coil. The use of Circle Packing Theory
is of use for this problem..
Since the gauge of the wire can be estimated with a good amount of precision ,the use of circle packing theory (see wiki) theory can be used to determine the
number of turns that can fit through this winding window on a bobbin.
One factor that is very useful in calculations, is that wires come in standard thicknesses or diameters. For convenience the AWG (American Wire Gauge) is used in electrical and electronic work, Electrical wiring in the U.S. is often 10,12 or 14 AWG for house wiring .Electronic work is often uses 18,22, or 30 AWG gauge wire. Whatever the reason, the smaller the AWG number, the thicker or larger the diameter of wire!! The reason this helps in photogrammetry, is that the gauges are
discrete values.
Table 1.AWG Diameter in inches AWG Diameter in Inches
10 .1019 20 .0320
12 .0808 22 .0254
14 .0641 24 .0201
16 .0508 26 .0159
18 .0403 28 .0126
30 .0101
The 16 gauge wire is about 25% thicker than 18 gauge
The 22 gauge wire is about 25% thicker than 24 gauge
Not to get too technical, but this is a logarithmic scale, but the important concept is that the PERCENTAGE OF DIFFERENCE BETWEEN GAUGES IS LARGE in relation to the PRECISION achievable in photogrammetry The precision of the photogrammetric method is often less than 2 to 5%.
This means for a given photogrammetric distance is it easier to pick out the
exact gauge of wire
PACKING FRACTION
There is a branch of mathematics which describes how many circles of uniform size can be drawn in a given area.
It goes by several names but let's just call it Circle Packing Theory. see Wikipedia article
By determining the winding window size, the appropriate circle packing fraction can be used to determine a close estimate of the
number of windings per coil if the gauge is known.
However,
the method or way the wire is wound is important in the calculations. An estimate of number of windings on the pickup cores is necessary
1. One method of winding coils is hexagonal winding, with the layers arranged in a honeycomb pattern when viewed in cross-section.
2. Another type of winding is known as square or rectangular winding has each layer of winding with turns directly on top the wires in the layer beneath with no offset.
3. And thirdly, there is a random type of winding with lots of random cross overs and gaps.
The hexagonal packing is the densest method of winding coils with a value of (Pi divided by 6) times ( the square root of 3) or .9069 with approximately 91% of the winding area occupied by wire with the balance of the area being occupied by gaps between the wires.
Square geometry winding with each winding of wire directly on top the layer below ( No offset) has a value of 0.7853. It is not as close wrapped or dense as the optimum hexagonal winding method.. The values of ( Pi divided by 4 )is the value for the square geometry method of winding. --- 0.785
A random wind often a more gaps but the packing ratio is highly dependent on the size of the wire relative the length and width of the winding window. It varies a great deal in practice usually (about 75 to 83 percent) The first two methods are highly structured and as a result can be described discretely. A random winding method has more variability and thus intrinsically a wider range of values depending on the gauge of the wire and it relation to the total size of the winding window
Circle Packing Factors -- Percent of winding window occupied by wire
Hexagonal winding 90.69 ( Pi divided by 6) times (Square root of 3) Ref
Square winding 78.53 (Pi divided by 4) Ref
Random Highly gauge dependent (as gauge decreases, percent increases.)
Random winding will have a packing percent usually less than the optimum 90.6 percent (usual Range 75 to 85 percent) Ref
Square winding methodA square with one inch one each side, the area is one square inch.
If square winding is used in the bobbin, 78.53 percent of the square is covered if viewed as a cross-section
But if a closely packed honeycomb winding is used, about 91 percent of the cross-sectional area will be consist of wire.
Explanation and derivation of factors The mathematics regarding the circle packing formula for
hexagonal or honeycomb winding is daunting and can be found in more detailed discussions on the the internet. ref
The packing factor is 0.9069 with comes from the formula (Pi divided by 6) times (the square root of 3)
A circle one inch in diameter will have an area of 0.7853 square inches.--- radius squared times Pi (0.5 times 0.5times 3.1416 ) = .0.7853
If this circle is placed in a one square one inch on each side, it will contact the sides of the square in four, which is exactly whet we see in a cross-section of a coil
wound in the
square or rectangular method.
To understand
random winding factors, consider two equally sized sheets of sandpaper. One is coated coarse grade grit, the other coated with a fine grit used
for final sanding. The arrangement of the sand grains is random in both cases but there are fewer grains of sand on the coarse paper and many more grains of sand
on the finer grit paper. And then consider extremely fine grit with a grit rating of 1000 or 1200.Essentially nearly 100 percent of the paper is covered with the grit!!
[
SO IN SOME CASES IT MAY BE POSSIBLE TO
CALCULATE THE NUMBER OF TURNS---
IN SOME CASES
EMPIRICAL METHODS OR TEST WINDINGS MIGHT BE NECESSARY.
As an example if the winding window is 1 square inch and the AWG is 22, and the tighter hexagonal winding factor is used(0.906) then 0.906 square inches of that window is occupied by the area of the wire..
The cross-sectional area of AWG 22 is 0.0005 inches per turn. Thus, 0.9069 square inches of turns divided by 0.0005 square inch per turn equals approximately
1814 turns.
With precision or square winding a factor of 0.7853 instead of 0.9069 can be used. This results in an estimate of
1571 turns through 1 inch square window.
The
lower number of turns is expected since the. coil winding is not as densely wound.
Rule of Thumb .785/.906 winding factor ratio ration of rectangular to hexagonal winding factors.
1571 divided by 1814 is 0.866, so with all other factors remaining the same a bobbin wound with rectangular winding will have about 87% of the turns of a bobbin wound with hexagonal winding
.
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Can the available data from photogrammetry, information various manuals and electronic formulas help in understanding and designing EPG systems?? YES!!-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
4. Velocity of Liquid or Gas[/b KNOWNIn the Dealership Sales, Manual, Stan Meyer considered the velocity of the magnetized gas as
an important factor for the power output of the EPG. see Ref.. EPG velocity doc.
Since the Canadian Patent Number CA1213671A1 titled "Electrical Particle Generator" mentions
"slurries", an examination of liquid flow may yield additional insight into mode of operation of the EPG devices. . Ref. ionizationx.com
In the Mechanical Drive EPG had a velocity of 50 ips (inches per second) or 1.27 m/s (meters/sec) Ref. EPG velocity doc
Adjustment of the pump speed is made using a rheostat to vary input voltage. Russ Greis developed an clever "breadboard"
with each coil having a jumper connection on both ends of the coils allowing for varied parallel or series connections.
Thus a different voltage or amperage could be adjusted for a particular application (using the magnetic slurry)
The Mag-Gas Plasma EPGs (both the 6 and 7 tier systems operated at 90 ips or 2.29 m/s Ref . EPG velocity doc.
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5 Strength of Magnetic Flux] CAN BE CALCULATED Because of lower magnetic susceptibility of gases vs slurries the multi-tier devices needed to be operated at higher speed.
This is based on the observation that the magnetic susceptibility in ferro-fluids is directly related to the percentage of magnetite
Ref neededThe number of turns can be increased to compensate for the lower flux values in the multiple tier systems. In the multiple tier systems this is
exactly what is observed. The increased number of windings(36000) and increased volume of core (at least six times greater because of multiple tiers
is also another way of compensating\for a lower flux value and to create higher power output design power 44Kw to 66 Kw)
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The electrical particle generators( EPGs) should be thought of as a very efficient
transformer as well as a
generatorSimilarities between the types of EPGsAn examination of the available images seems to indicate:
1. The presence of input energy from a wall outlet About 120 volts alternating current 60 cycle/sec (US). Wall outlets often have 10 or 15 Amp circuit breakers or fuses (max 1200 to 1800 watts input)?
2. A spiraled core consisting of copper pipe or tubing (non-magnetic)
3. A core surrounded by multiple coils of wire
4. A device that circulates a liquid, gas or slurry (mechanical pump, linear magnetic pump)
5 A method of controlling the rate of flow of the magnetic slurry or gas.
6 Magnetic Alignment coils in some cases
7. Electronic circuity
MAIN DISCUSSION FOLLOWS BELOW
DETERIMING VALULES OF MAGNETIC FLUX IN ELECTRICAL PARTICLE GENERATORSGOAL Applying known values or range of values to the equation to determine operating characteristics
and flux values of the EPG systems
VARIABLE LIST AND VALUE RANGE
VARIABLE VALUE Source
V1 = velocity of magnetic field movement per second
KNOWN 50-90 ips
N1 = number of twists per unit length
spiral divider per unit length 0.3 - 1.2
T - number of tiers
KNOWN 1-7
color=red]N3 = value of magnetic field strength [/color]
UNKNOWN To be calculated .
F = value of the frequency pulsing alignment coils for dyne-axis of magnetic field
KNOWN 60 Hz/sec
N4= number of coils per tier
KNOWN 1 - 58
N5 = number of turns in each coil
KNOWN 200-12000
N6 = number of core sectors enclosed by pick-up coil
KNOWN 3- 4
A= cross-sectional area of tubing used in EPG tier (in sq inches) and sq inches per SINGLE pipe core select value from table below
Outside Diameter 0.5 inch (1/2 )inch
A1 Type K 0.218 sq inches 0.0001406 sq meters
A2 Type L 0.233 sq inches 0.0001503 sq meters
Outside Diameter 0.625 inch (5/8) inch
A3 Type K
A4 Type L
Outside Diameter 0.75 inches (3/4)inch
A5
A6
Power Input Variables)
Circulation of magnetic material no more than pump wattage for single tier
W1 = watts required for initiation of flow ( Initial inertial load) Rheological, mass density factors important
W2= steady state power load for mag-media circulation see appendix
W3 = dyne-axis load see appendix
P1 Power for control circuits. Low voltage low amperage transistor circuits
Known values
By applying the known estimates of the various variables, it should be able to calculate the flux values in working EPG devices.
Stated design output was 220 VAC @ 200- 300 amps ( per Deer Creek Seminar notes)
To solve for N3. At one of the conferences in 2019 ( SMC 2019 Bremen Ohio), it was proposed that the Transformer EMF equation might
be used in the mathematical model of the Meyer EPG series regarding the flux density problem.
Through photogrammetry the maximum number of turns , number of coils, diameter and volume of the core magnetized
slurry/gas can be determined. Since the output power, velocity, and frequency are known with some precision. it may be possible to arrange the transformer EMF equation to obtain a Beta Max for the flux density!!
Another observation was made at the 2019 Bremen Conference that the larger the core volume, the lower value of the magnetic saturation
could be in the core and still maintain the same power output. This is because the
total power output for the device is dependent in part upon the
total amount of flux present or contained in the magnetic core.
If the other design factors such as the number of coils, number of winds and same velocity of the magnetic gas or slurry are held constant,
the limitations of the maximum level of magnetic saturation of the EFH series ferrofluids can be mitigated. To increase power output scale up
the
volume of the transformer core and the magnetic saturation can be lower and still provide the design power output.
While the 400 Hz mil-spec converters are still an option for the magnetic drives, if operating frequency matches the 50 or 60 Hz
standard for output for electricity for residential use the need for frequency conversion is eliminated.
Ferro fluids and Pump Sizing
"Oil" based ferro-fluid characteristics see attachments
1. Saturation Magnetization vs Magnetic Particle Concentration of Magnetite
There is a
direct linear relationshipbetween how much magnetic saturation (strength) and the percent of magnetite in suspension. (see appendix)
2. Although the magnetic saturation ( Ms ) vs % magnetite is linear, the
rheological ("thickness or viscosity" characteristics are not.
At concentrations of more than 10% magnetite, there is a rapid increase in viscosity.
3 Ferro-tec(r) only had 2 viscosity Educational Ferrofluids EFH at the time of Stan Meyer's research EFH1 and EFH- 4.
EFH -1 had the most saturation but was the thinnest of the two choices.
viscosities so these were examined because a greater number of data points were available.
It is seen that in the EFH series that the EFH-1 has the highest Ms/ viscosity ratio.
In the EMG series EMG-905 has the highest Ms to viscosity ratio (Magnetic strength related to ease of pumping)
Stan Meyer was likely looking for a Ferrofluid that maximized Ms in relation to viscosity
If the ferrofluid is too thick it might show greater resistance to pumping
If the ferrofluid is too thin it does not maximize the Ms needed for power generation
There appears to be a "Goldilocks zone" not too thick to pump and not too weak in terms of
the magnetic saturation of flux limits (about 400 Ms. in EFH and EMG series)
For the oil based (actually a type of kerosene) ferrofluids having a magnetic susceptibility
of 400 gauss seem to be optimum.in terms of magnetic susceptibility in relation to viscosity.
That being said, it is very likely that ferrofluids were tried in the mechanical drive
EPG and possibly in other EPG types.
Since output data is only available for the 6Tmaggas EPG and for the velocity of the magnetic medium,
one approach to determine the flux in the 6 multi-tier system as if EFH-1 was present and then scale down to the magnetic
pump system and volume of EFH-1at the stated velocity and use a calculated flux density to determine output
characteristics of the magnetic pump devices.
The sizing of the bus bars, the parallel arrangement of the pick-up coils and the breakdown voltage of the insulation
might put some upper limits to how it was being operated and limits to the possible voltages and amps produced.
EPG Design Design output 220 VAC at 300 amps = 44,000 to 66,000 watts
Calculations
So now let's assign values to some of the variables....
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Pump Selection
Cross sectional area is calculated as follows:
1. Determine the diameter of the tubing 0.5" obtained by photogrammetry 0.5 outside diameter
also confirmed by actual measurement by Don Gabel . (see notebook photos)
2. Determine the range of. possible internal diameters Common types of pipe K L and M that have the
same outside diameter but thickness of inner diameter and wall thickness vary.
Stan Meyer may have used pre-coiled air conditioning or water supply tubing. for ease of construction.
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
MECHANICAL DRIVE EPG –FLOW RATE ANALYSIS
As discussed previously, a small electrically powered mechanical pump was used to circulate a permanently magnetized gas or slurry in a closed loop system.
• From the photogrammetric analysis of available imagery, the pump was identified as a Model B-500 Little Giant®
• The manufacturer specifications show that the pump was designed to provide a flow rate of 500 gallons per hour when pumping water.
• Some information is available regarding the flow rate of the magnetic material when the EPG was operating. The flow rate has been posted on the internet as 50 inches per second.
• Additionally the outside diameter of the copper tubing has been determined to be 0.500 inches by photogrammetric means
With the preceding information, it may be possible to perform calculations to verify that the pump selected is consistent and capable with reported
velocity for the magnetic slurry or gas. The original device, now owned by Quad City Innovations was not available for inspection
and for direct measurement but a reasonable estimate of flow rate within a working EPG can be made.
Dimensions and Types of the Copper Tubing
At the time of the construction of the EPG systems, there were, as there are today, three major types of copper tubing
with letters being assigned to tubing of varying wall thickness. They are designated as type K, L and M, with K having
the thickest wall and M having the thinnest wall ref .The Copper Handbook
Type O.D. I..D. Wall Cross-Section Volume
of tube per inch
K 0.500 0.402 0.049 .127 .127
L 0.500 0.430 0.035 .145 145
M 0.500 0.450 0.028 .159 .
From the tubing chart of copper tubing with outside diameter of 0.500, type “K ”will be used as an example for the calculations.
The internal cross-sectional area of type “K” tubing is 0.127 square inches.
A Thus a cylinder with this size base and 1 inch tall would have a volume of 0.127 cubic inches
Formula
Volume of cylinder = area of base times height ( V = B x H)
Since the velocity has been given as 50 inches per second, a cylinder 50 inches long would have a volume
equal to the cross sectional area times the height of 50. This represents the volume of liquid pumped past a
given point on the spiraled tubing in one second.
Conversion factors
3600 seconds / 1 hour
0.0043 U.S. gallons / 1 cubic inch
Example for Type “K” Tubing
1.27 cubic inches/second times 50 = 6.35 cubic inches per second 6.35 cubic inches/ second times 3600 sec/ hr. = 22,860 cubic inches/ hour.
Then by applying the appropriate conversion factor, gallons per hour may be obtained.
Thus, 22,860 cubic inches / hour times 0.0043 gallons/ cubic inch equals flow rate of 98.3 gallons per hour for Type ”K” tubing.
In a similar fashion, the flow rate of types L and M are determined.
• Type ”L” has a flow rate of 7.25 cubic inches/second which yields a value of 112.5 gallons per hour.
• Type M tubing has a flow rate of 7.95 cubic inches /second which yields a value of 123.0 U.S. gallons/ hour.
• Depending on the type of tubing used, the flow rate was calculated to be between 98 and 123 gallons per hour
.
SummaryThe Little Giant ® pump was rated at 500 gph so it appears that the specifications of the pump were reasonable for the operation of the mechanical drive EPG.
One observation concerning the publicly available EPG images, is that there do not seem to be joints on the spiraled sections
themselves although the connecting copper pipes to the pumps or other means of moving the slurry or gas are straight.
Stan Meyers was practical and tried to keep things simple, so I believe he just used piping that was already coiled when purchased.
So, using the above reference to get a range of possible values for the cross-sections of the copper tubing and pipes commonly available..
Copper pipe has three basic wall thicknesses: Type K, Type L and Type M
So even though the outside diameter may remain the same, a THICKER wall results in a SMALLER cross-section inside the tube[/color]
So here's the values of cross-sectional area for different copper tubing and pipe in square inches:
Type K 0.218 Type L 0.233 Type M 0.254
So the cross-sectional area for coiled copper pipe is between 0.218 and 0.254 square inches
Since the 6 tier system is not available for examination at this time, there is a degree of imprecision for the cross-sectional area value.
Because the cross-sectional area is used in volume calculations and in the calculation of total magnetic flux for these systems,
the estimates of system performance depend upon the type of tubing used in the construction.
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Length of tubing carrying magnetic slurry/gas
Since the EPGs are of a general circular design, the formula C = D x Pi or stated -- Circumference of a circle equals the diameter times Pi .
Now, if you are trying to find the total length of tubing used in an EPG which is a spiral, for example(for example exactly 3 loops,
then think of this as 3 circles each with a different diameter and circumference The outer loop is longer than the middle loop which is in turn larger the innermost ring of loop.
So roughly speaking, let's say you had an EPG like the Magnetic Drive (Red Pump) System and that by examination or
photogrammetry and it was determined that diameter was 17 inches.
If 1/2 inch tubing is used the construction, what would be the diameter of the middle loop?
The radius of the middle loop is moved in by 1/2 inch because of the width of the outer loop or to put it another way,
the diameter of the middle loop would be 16 inches measured across its outside By a similar reasoning, the innermost loop is or about 15 inches in diameter.
So the length the spiral is approximately ( 15 + 16 + 17) times Pi. Now Stan Meyer for reasons of type of pump used (B-500) had input and output connections
at right angles)then some portions of the spiral had four loops instead of three so adjustments will have to be made for this added length.
The total length of is important because this is used in the calculations for the volume of gas or ferrofluid being used and also in the
calculations for inductance and the number windings for the coils as well as the length of wire required for making the windings.
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Coils and length of wire need for project and per coil Length of wire for winding is dependent on the number of channels used for the flowing magnetic media
End View "Tube" length
A formula for the length a a single wrap around cores adjacent to each other.. Basically the circumference of a single core with an adjustment
for the gaps or bridges between adjacent cores.In the case of a single core the amount of wire per wrap is the circumference of the core
and no gaps. When there are multiple cores to be wrapped, the distance or gaps the "bridges" or gaps need to be accounted for.
[ ( C ) plus ( gap length)] times number of turns
1.A formula for multiple single layer winds around a singular tubular core of length L O diameter of wire times N turns [( Pi x D) plus (0 x D)] x N
2. A formula for multiple single layer winds N around two adjacent tubular cores of length L OO diameter of wire times N turns [ (Pi x D) plus (2 x D ) ] x N
3 A formula for multiple single layer around three adjacent tubular cores of length L OOO diameter of wire times N turns [ (Pi x D) plus (4 x D ) ] x N
4. A formula for multiple single layer winds around 4 adjacent tubular cores OOOO diameter of tube times N turns [ (Pi x D) plus (6 x D) ] x N
The length of the tube determines the total number of wraps possible independent of the number of adjacent tubes
General Formula---- [ ( D plus G) x N) ] = ( length of wire needed for one turn around cores ) times( the number of single layer turns around the coil for the length of bobbin)
D = Outside diameter of single core tube or pipe
G =Total Gap length = [ ( Number of pipes -1) times 2]
Let N = Number of single layer wire turns that can be wound around the length of the pickup coil
Let W = the diameter or gauge of wire of wire
Let L = Length of the bobbin or pickup coil
Then ( L divided by W) equals the number of winds
Formula for 1 core O LW = Diameter of core times Pi
Regardless on the number of cores wrapped per turn, the length of the bobbin or inductor tube is solely dependent un the gauge of wire used.
In summary, we now can calculate the length of a single layer wrap of wire around multiple adjacent cores. and if we multiply that by the number of wraps or turns that can be wrapped on a given linear length of coil.
I
Also in determining the total amount of wire needed for construction of SINGLE LAYER coils (such as the multitier gas plasma series of EPGs). The return conduit s appear to be
on alternate sides of the multi tier epg resulting the spiral cores have A3.5 turns. Thus single tier EPG’s appear to have either 3 1/4 turns or 3 1/2 turns in the spinal so a weighted calculation would need to be done based on the amount of linear distance of three or four adjacent core in a section of the spiral. For the. Plume calculation ferrofluid required The formula needs to be modified for use in the multi-layer coils of the single tier EPG series for each type of winding method and spirals that have portions have three or four core on the same tier.
https://www.bing.com/search?q=emf%20transformer%20equation&cvid=3b27ab152c074c4d870723f5766569be&form=WSBBS-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Calculation to determine number of coil pickup windings for the multitier 6TmaggasEPG 1 tier is about 17 inches in diameter. Since the line drawing of the 7 tier system and photographs show the drain/connecting tubes are 180 degrees
apart so its possible to keep the number of loops for a tier to
be 2.5 3.5 or 4.5 loops or if the connecting tubes are all exact integers of loops the connecting tube could be all on one side.
Or the direction of the flow could be counterclockwise one tier and clockwise in the other tier. So based on the line drawing lets say that that each tier has 3.5 loops
Length of core for 1 tier [ ( 15+16+17)]times Pi ] plus( 1/2 times 14 times Pi) = 150.78 + 29.99 = 172.77 inches 6 tiers 1036 inches
172.77 inches divided by .025 inches per turn (22 gauge wire by photogrammetry = maximum 6910 turns per tier
6 times 6910 = 41,460 turns or if you use exactly 3 loops per tier 150.78 times 6 = 904 inches 904 divided by 0.025 = about 36,191 turns 6 tiers 906 inches
Imagine an inductor with between 36 and 41 thousand turns of wire and between 75 and 86 feet long !
------------------------------------------------------
E = 4.44 x F x N x Φm ……
expanding....
E = 4.44 x F x N x Bm x A … [ because (Φm = BmA)]
rearranging, to solve for Bm......
Bm = E divided by( 4.44 x F x N x A)SOLVING FOR A VALUE MAGNETIC FLUX IN THE MAGNETIC GAS OF A SIX TIER GAS PLASMA EPG
rearranging, to solve for Bm...... Bm = E divided by( 4.44 x F x N x A)
E = voltage
F = supply frequency Hz/sec
N = number of turns
A = cross sectional area in square meters
Bm = peak magnetic flux density in Weber / meter squared or T tesla
K = 4.44
V = 4.44 x F x N x A x B or rearranging this and solving for B
B = V divided by( 4.44 x F x N x A)
B = 220 divided by 4.44 x60 x 12000 x A B = 319680 x A 319680x .0001634 sq meters = 52.2 220/52.2 4.2 webers
The design output is 220 volts at 300 amp draw 66,000 watts (Watts)
(W) 220 times 300 amp draw = 66,000 watts
The cross-sectional area (A) of the core is between 0.218 and 0.254 square in or (A) = 1.406 to 1.634 sq cm or 0.0001406 to 0.0001634 square meters
F (frequency) is 60 cycle/ second AC
V (voltage) is 220 volts AC output
K Constant = 4.44
Solving of Bm =Betamax
Basic equation
E = voltage
F = supply frequency
N = number of turns
A = cross sectional area in square meters
B = peak magnetic flux density in Weber / meter squared or T tesla
K = 4.44
E = 4.44 x F x N x A x B or rearranging this and solving for B
B = E divided by( 4.44 x F x N x A)
If the known values are input into the EMF equation for a six tier EPG device--
E = voltage 220 VAC
F= frequency 60 hertz per second in the US
N= number of coil turns 11,873
Cross section of inside diameter of copper pipe with different outside diameter (O.D) and different wall thicknesses K,.L,.and M.
A= cross-sectional area of tubing used in EPG tier (in sq inches) and sq inches per SINGLE pipe core
Outside Diameter 0.5 inch
A1 Type K 0.218 sq inches 0.0001406 sq meters
A2 Type L 0.233 sq inches 0.0001503 sq meters
A3 Type M 0.254 sq inches 0.0001639 sq meters
A4
A5
A1 = 0. 000468 sq m area 3 channels of pipe x 0.242 sq inches divided by conversion factor 1550 = 000468 square meters
4.44 = constant
B max = 220/ 1480 or 0.1486 Wb/M squared or Tesla for the 5/8" six tier system4.44 times F*N * Beta Max * A
Rearranging: Beta Max = V divided by ( 4.44 x F x N x A)
220 divided by ( 4.44 times 60 Hz/sec frequency times 36191 x .218 A sq inches = .00010
NOW HERE'S AN IMORTANT POINT--The Betamax can be LOWER in the magnetic gas/or slurry when the voltage, frequency, and number of turns is constant WITH the
cross-sectional area being increased. As the denominator increases due to a larger diameter tube being used ,the Betamax can be lower and still yield the same power at the same voltage. Essentially the Betamax, the maximum amount of flux flowing the core is inversely related to the area of the transformer core, so if the gas or ferrofluid is limited by MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY by
increasing the size of the tubing ,scale up in size and a low Betamax will suffice for same output !!
So now since we have an equation with 5 variables and one constant and we have good estimates for 4 of the variables, we should be able to solve the equation for a value of magnetic flux
in the ferro=fluid or magnetic gas matrix
V = 220 VAC...
F = supply frequency
N = number of turns
A = cross sectional area in square meters
B = peak magnetic flux density in Wb / meter squared or T tesla
K = constant
V = 4.44 x F x N x A x Beta max, or rearranging
Beta max = V divided by( 4.44 * F * N * A )
So plugging in a few figures for a six tier device with a 5/8" OD copper spiral
E1 = 4.44 x f x N1 Φm ……….. (i)
E1 = 4.44 xf N1 Bm A … [as (Φm = BmA)]
V = voltage 220 VAC
F= 60 hertz per second in the U.S.
N = 11,870
A = 0. 000468 sq meters area = 3 channels of pipe x 0.242 sq inches divided by conversion factor 1550 = 0.000468 square meters
B = Beta-Max TO BE SOLVED
K = 4.44 ( constant )
Thus B-max = 220/ (60 x 1480 or 0.1486 Wb/M squared or Tesla for the 5/8" six tier system
b]Next Topic Multiple layer coils In terms of construction if the cross sectional area is changed because of using a larger diameter tubing
but keeping N number of turns the same and the length of the spiraled coils is the same and other factors the same (same desired output) t because the output is related to the amount of flux of the core, the larger the core in terms of cross section (and volume) means that a lower Beta value in the core of the upsized EPG can still result in the desired power output. Basically if more power is needed the large core can allow for a lower amount of flux to be used if there is a limit to magnetic saturation for the slurry or mag-gas matrix.
This is more useful to calculate wire requirements for the Mechanical Pump EPG .Since it's possible to estimate the thickness of the coils, the length of the original coils, the gauge of the wire and velocity of the ferrofluid 50 ips and using a flux value estimate a power output for the Mechanical Pump EPG.
Pump sizing
"Oil" based ferro-fluid characteristics see attachments
1. Saturation Magnetization vs Magnetic Particle Concentration of EMG Oil Based Ferrofluids
There is a direct linear relationship between how much magnetic saturation (strength) and the percent of magnetite in suspension
2. Although the magnetic saturation ( Ms ) vs % magnetite is linear, the rheological ("thickness or viscosity" characteristics are
not.
At concentrations of more than 10% magnetite, there is a rapid increase in viscosity.
3FH -1 had the greater magnetic susceptibility but had the lower viscosity of the two choices
4. The Ferro-tech EMG series ferro-fluids( a similar Oil Based Ferrofluid) has 5 different types with varied magnetic saturation and viscosities so these were examined because a greater number of data points were available. see attachment
It is seen that in the EFH series that the EFH-1 has the highest Ms/ viscosity ratio
In the EMG series EMG-905 has the highest Ms/viscosity ratio
Stan Meyer was likely looking for a Ferrofluid that maximized Ms in relation to viscosity
If the ferrofluid is too thick it might show greater resistance to pumping
There appears to be a "Goldilocks zone" not too thick to pump and not too weak in terms of the magnetic saturation of flux limits (about 400 Ms. in EFH and EMG series)
For the oil based (actually a type of kerosene) ferrofluids having a magnetic susceptibility of 400 gauss seem to be optimum.in terms of magnetic susceptibility in relation to viscosity.
tit is very likely that ferrofluids were tried in the mechanical drive EPG and possibly in other EPG types
Since output data is only available for the 6Tmaggas EPG and for the velocity of the magnetic medium, one approach to determine the flux in the 6 tier
multi-tier EPG system as if EFH-1 was present and then scale down to the magnetic pump system and volume of EFH-1at the stated
velocity and use a calculated flux density to determine output characteristics of the magnetic pump devices.
The sizing of the bus bars, the parallel arrangement of the pick-up coils and the breakdown voltage of the insulation might put some
upper limits to how it was being operated and limits to the possible voltages and amps produced.
Design output 220 VAC at 300 amps = 44,000 to 66,000 watts
------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Comparing stated values of C.O.P ( if no feedback of output power to input power)---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Cross sectional area is calculated as follows:
1. Determine the diameter of the tubing 0.5" obtained by photogrammetry 0.5 outside diameter
also confirmed by actual measurement by Don Gabel . (see notebook photos)
2. Determine the range of. possible internal diameters Common types of pipe K L and M that have the
same outside diameter but thickness of inner diameter and wall thickness vary.
Stan Meyer may have used pre-coiled air conditioning or water supply tubing. for ease of construction.
MECHANICAL DRIVE EPG –FLOW RATE ANALYSIS
As discussed previously, a small electrically powered mechanical pump was used to circulate a permanently magnetized gas or slurry in a closed loop system.
• From the photogrammetric analysis of available imagery, the pump was identified as a Model B-500 Little Giant®
• The manufacturer specifications show that the pump was designed to provide a flow rate of 500 gallons per hour when pumping water.
• Some information is available regarding the flow rate of the magnetic material when the EPG was operating. The flow rate has been posted on the internet as 50 inches per second.
• Additionally the outside diameter of the copper tubing has been determined to be 0.500 inches by photogrammetric means
With the preceding information, it may be possible to perform calculations to verify that the pump selected is consistent and capable with reported velocity for the magnetic slurry or gas. The original device, now owned by Quad City Innovations was not available for inspection and for direct measurement but a reasonable estimate of flow rate within a working EPG can be made.
Dimensions and Types of the Copper Tubing
At the time of the construction of the EPG systems, there were, as there are today, three major types of copper tubing with letters being assigned to tubing of varying wall thickness. They are designated as type K, L and M, with K having the thickest wall and M having the thinnest wall ref .The Copper Handbook
Type O.D. I..D. Wall Cross-Section Volume
of tube per inch
K 0.500 0.402 0.049 .127 .127
L 0.500 0.430 0.035 .145 .145
M 0.500 0.450 0.028 .159 .159
From the tubing chart of copper tubing with outside diameter of 0.500, type “K ”will be used as an example for the calculations.
The internal cross-sectional area of type “K” tubing is 0.127 square inches.
A cylinder with this size base and 1 inch tall would have a volume of 0.127 cubic inches
Formula
Volume of cylinder = area of base times height ( V = B x H)
Since the velocity has been given as 50 inches per second, a cylinder 50 inches long would have a volume equal to the cross sectional area times the height of 50. This represents the volume of liquid pumped past a point on the spiraled tubing in one second
Conversion factors
3600 seconds / 1 hour
0.0043 U.S. gallons / 1 cubic inch
Example for Type “K” Tubing
1.27 cubic inches/second times 50 = 6.35 cubic inches per second 6.35 cubic inches/ second times 3600 sec/ hr. = 22,860 cubic inches/ hour.
Then by applying the appropriate conversion factor, gallons per hour may be obtained.
Thus, 22,860 cubic inches / hour times 0.0043 gallons/ cubic inch equals flow rate of 98.3 gallons per hour for Type ”K” tubing.
In a similar fashion, the flow rate of types L and M are determined.
• Type ”L” has a flow rate of 7.25 cubic inches/second which yields a value of 112.5 gallons per hour.
• Type M tubing has a flow rate of 7.95 cubic inches /second which yields a value of 123.0 U.S. gallons/ hour.
• Depending on the type of tubing used, the flow rate was calculated to be between 98 and 123 gallons per hour
.
SummaryThe Little Giant ® pump was rated at 500 gph so it appears that the specifications of the pump were reasonable for the operation of the mechanical drive EPG. The pump was designed to pump water but in this application a slurry containing magnetic material would be
• denser
• have an increased viscosity
• be susceptible to possible back emf eddy currents reducing flow
• experience turbulence at sharp bends and at the pump impellers
• experience back pressure in a closed system
• be susceptible to magnetic restriction to flow at the alignment coils
As an example, a ferro fluid such as EFH-1 (Ferro-Tech) has a density of 1.21 g/cc, a viscosity of 6 centipoise (cP ) and Saturation Magnetization (Ms) of 440 Gauss all of which could contribute to a slower flow velocity. Thus it is expected that the flow rate would be less than 500 gallons per hour. However, there is some evidence for ferro-fluids to have lower viscosity under certain circumstances. see ref
Evidence for use of ferrofluids in the Mechanical Drive EPG
1.The existence of a photograph of another copper spiral with the label 1 ¼ cup
2.The Pantone® color matching of spill corrosion to Copper Oleate
3. photographs of EFH-1 in the laboratory
A very useful free reference is
The Copper Tubing Handbook which provides the specifications and measurements for copper tubing and pipe.
You can google The Copper Tubing Handbook for the pdf or just click on this link:
https://pbar.fnal.gov/organizationalchart/Leveling/2004%20water%20cage%20work/Cutubehandbook.pdf----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Reducing resistance to flow
One observation concerning the publicly available EPG images, is that there do not seem to be joints on the spiraled sections
themselves although the connecting copper pipes to the pumps or other means of moving the slurry or gas are straight.
Stan Meyers was practical and tried to keep things simple, so I believe he just used piping that was already coiled when purchased.
So, using the above reference to get a range of possible values for the cross-sections of the copper tubing and pipes commonly available..
Copper pipe has three basic wall thicknesses: Type K, Type L and Type M
So even though the outside diameter may remain the same, a THICKER wall results in a SMALLER cross-section inside the tube
So here's the values of cross-sectional area for different copper tubing and pipe in square inches:
Type K 0.218 Type L 0.233 Type M 0.254
So the cross-sectional area for coiled copper pipe is between 0.218 and 0.254 square inches
Since the 6 tier system is not available for examination at this time, there is a degree of imprecision for the cross-sectional area value.
Because the cross-sectional area is used in volume calculations and in the calculation of total magnetic flux for these systems, the estimates of system performance depend upon the type of tubing used in the construction.
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Length of tubing carrying magnetic slurry/gas
Since the EPGs are of a general circular design, the formula C = D x Pi or stated -- Circumference of a circle equals the diameter times Pi .
Now, if you are trying to find the total length of tubing used in an EPG which is a spiral, for example(for example exactly 3 loops, then think of this as 3 circles each with a different diameter and circumference The outer loop is longer than the middle loop which is in turn larger the innermost ring of loop.
So roughly speaking, let's say you had an EPG like the Magnetic Drive (Red Pump) System and that by examination or photogrammetry and it was determined that diameter was 17 inches.
If 1/2 inch tubing is used the construction, what would be the diameter of the middle loop?
The radius of the middle loop is moved in by 1/2 inch because of the width of the outer loop or to put it another way, the diameter of the middle loop would be 16 inches measured across its outside By a similar reasoning, the innermost loop is or about 15 inches in diameter.
So the length the spiral is approximately ( 15 + 16 + 17) times Pi. Now Stan Meyer for reasons of type of pump used (B-500) had input and output connections at right angles)then some portions of the spiral had four loops instead of three so adjustments will have to be made for this added length. The total length of is important because this is used in the calculations for the volume of gas or ferrofluid being used and also in the calculations for inductance and the number windings for the coils as well as the length of wire required for making the windings.
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
epg coil tap termnals.jpg
1. Dealership Sales Manual (Third Edition) 1986 p. J9 or WFC Memo 418 Electrical Particle Generator Appendix Fig. 27 " Mechanical Drive EPG
2, Canadian Patent CA1213671A1 Electrical Particle Generator
3. Image Estate Visit image jpg DSC-178 06/13/2009 Top View Mechanical Drive EPG
4. Image Estate Visit image jpg DSC-167 06/13 /2009 Top View EPG
5. Image Estate Visit image jpg Linear Drive EPG 2006 visit
6. Image Russ Greis replication Magnetic Drive EPG Ref open-source-energy.orgStanley Meyer's Multiple-Tier EPG as seen in the available imagery,(see attachment 1) shows vertical connections between the tiers.
One suggested design improvement to reduce flow turbulence is to angle the connection tubes between the tiers
By the use of standard 45 degree angled pipe connectors, an angled connection tube between tiers would be possible..
Since the angle of the resulting connecting tubes would be 45 degrees, the draining of ferrofluid and flow of
the mag-gases would be improved,
The resulting likely increased velocity would result in an increase amount of induced current in the pickup coils
Since some the present designs and replications have an inter-tier spacings of 15.3 cm, the connecting tubes would
need to be increased or multiplied by the cosecant of 45 degrees or a factor of 1.414 yielding 21.6 cm.
This would increase the flow distance each tier in the modeling by about 1.5%, which is felt to
be outweighed by the expected increase in flow rate..
A: Correct, the cross-sectional area of the spiralled tubing is an important factor but as per documents the velocity
is directly related to power output in the power output calculations. So the suggestion is certainly worthy of consideration.
see attachment 2
A: Correct, on the three phase systems, to maintain similarity of construction in the six tier models, there is no need to increase TH1
because despite the 45 degree angle in tier 1 connector tube (part THC1), tangent of 45 degrees is still 1.00. The inter-tier spacing
in the construction spreadsheet should be the same, although the construction materials list would need to be adjusted as well
as the parts lists.
A: good catch sandia24, ill take a look the figure is off by of a factor of 1000, it may be because of a Teslsa to Weber conversion
Weber to Tesla or cm squared to meter squared conversion error??
A: for sandia24 Yes, the 45 angle connections are not coplanar because of the offset of the enter and exit openings
between the two tiers being connected. Basically if you are looking from the top of the multi tier
unit, you are joining an end of the spiral which is closer to the recycling tube to the opening of
the tier below which is further away from the recycling tube.
You can moving have the coplanar arrangement but this means the gas/slurry would
moving clockwise with every other tier moving counterclockwise.
The idea is to have the drainage of the gas/slurry draining as water does as it goes down a sink
and not to change direction. For the slurry systems especially, you want to take advantage of
gravitation without introducing turbulence from oppositional flow direction
of course the length of the tier connecting tubes need to be adjusted to allow for the offset angle
For the typical 15cm inter tier spacing , the offset is about 2.5 cm
A for sandia24 I think so because you want to take advantage of the momentum of the ferro-fluid as it drains
In the UK and across the pod in the US, the pipe bends are either 45 or 90 degrees so I think
that the 45 degree solution is the most practical in terms of part acquisition. I'm not sure about
the drainage direction. Depending on the hemisphere , direction of maelstrom or whirlpools
tend to be CW in one and CCW in the other but with the assembly be mindful
of the direction of the spiraled tiers with the top tier having the inlet closest to the central
recovery tube Top down flow consistent with Coriolis effect.??
7. Image Estate Visit image jpg DSC-179 B500 pump with 90 degree angle inlet and outlet ports-
8. Image Estate Visit
9. EPG Electrical Magnetic Gas Accelerator Fig. 28. Line Drawing Dealership Manual p J9 and WFC Memo 418 Appendix
10. EPG Photon Gas Accelerator Fig. 29. Dealership Manual p..J12 and WFC Memo 418 Appendix
11 EPG Magnetic Field Spin Generator Fig. 30. Dealership Manual and WFC Memo 418 Appendix
12.Image video clip from Deercreek Sermon and Seminar (Part 1)
13. SM 84-02 video
14.
15.
16. EPG velocity doc.
17.
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