A new topic for Multi Tier EPG build including mod 12 with parts list and list designators is being started today 8 Mar 202
First, I just wanted to thank all the team members, team ionizationx and others working on the EPG replications for your help!!
This month the EPG technologies will be considered with emphasis at the various states of matter and how they relate to discrete
magnetic domains
Consider these states of matter:
1.` Solid
2. Liquid
3. Gas
4. Plasma
Type of phase Examples
Solid magnets Ferro-ceramic, mixtures such as Alnico, the transitional metals Fe Co Ni, minerals such as magnetite clear magnets magnetic domains in acrylics, glass, optical glues liquid glass
Liquids Chemicals exhibiting magnetism that are liquid at or near STP
Solids mixed in liquids Ferrofluids, Magnetic Silly Putty(tm) gel magnets magnetized nanorods
Solids mixed with gas Gaseous suspensions of nano sized magnetite or metal powders
Gas with Gas Argon with stable Metal Argonides
Flash request sandia24 send specs on the nanojectors and nanotrodes randkey 92614
Nickel ,Iron, and Cobalt Spectra link ( useful for the laser stimulation project)
https://nvlpubs.nist.gov/nistpubs/ScientificPapers/nbsscientificpaper551vol22p205_A2b.pdf.
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SOLID IN LIQUID WITH LASER STIMULATION
To get the online discussion going for this month I found an audio clip from a participant at an early
Stan Meyer Demonstration Seminar.at Grove City In it
Jim Miller describes what appears to be a
working EPG
You can listen to the entire file by clicking on the following link:
http://www.transformacomm.com/en/tech/waterfuelmuseum.htmLook for the program by
Jim Miller (not me a common name)
The device characteristics in the audio file are described as follows: video clip time-mark is 10.00-12:00 min
'
Important points:
1. The tubing is glass ,( not copper as in later EPG models).
2. The tubing is formed in to a square-like configuration (not circular spirals)
3. Coils were wrapped around the tubing with an outer diameter of about 2 inches..
4. Each coil was about 1.5 inches long and 2 inches "thick". (diameter?, or thickness of winding?)
5. Apparently "laser" light was reflected at each of the corners (90 degrees)
6 The tube was filled with what was described as a
thin oil and
very fine iron or iron-like
particles7 It was shown to investors present.
8 "The moving iron particles
CREATED electricity' Lex said
The device resembles a line drawing or figure in a dealership manual. See photo of epg page J12
So what Jim miller from Lexington is seeming to say is that circulating small particles of iron in a
thin oil and when then subsequently irradiated by a laserinduce a current in pickup coils. as the irons-like particle circulate.
Total output determined by number of coils
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SOLID IN GAS Now consider very small particles of magnetite/iron-argonide in swirling argon]?
as a carrier medium.
So if you want a gaseous medium that has a permanent magnetic qualities, here is one approach
The Magnetic "Smoke" Process1 .In the photographs of Stan's lab there are pictures of bottles of EFH-1
ferrofluid by Ferro Tec
(Don Gabel and TOP photos)2. The composition of ferro-fluids is basically a hydrocarbon type solvent, oleic acid stabilizer and powdered magnetite
( Ferrotech tech bulletins)3. Generally the size of the magnetite particles is about 10 nanometers in diameter. for ferrofluids- by Ferro-tech
(Wiki)5 Thus
the magnetite particles are substantially smaller than pollen.
6. The larger size dust or pollen is easily suspended in air,
as would nanoparticles of a smaller size
7. Argon is denser than air, A denser gas is better able to support the small solid particles
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It is the opinion of the author that although FeAr, CoAr and NiAr moieties can be created ref NASA
These are created with very extreme conditions which is not consistent with the Stan Meyer
philosophy of keeping things simple (KISS-Keep It Simple Stupid)
The Mag-Gas EPGs ( the six and seven tier systems )were engineered to produce large amounts of electrical power. s Stan Meyer Deercreek Sermonar transcript/audio file
EPG research has stalled in the public sector due to insufficient knowledge of the characteristics of "mag-gas"
One possible approach:
1.Create a plasma spark with one or both of the electrodes being hollow (slightly larger outside diameter than the needle
that is used to pump up a basketball) with ferrofluid being slowly injected and flowing into the hollow electrode and with Argon
flooding the plasma arc and reaction chamber.
2.The plasma arc instantly vaporizes the ferrofluid leaving behind very hot, very small particles(10nM )of magnetite
(the advantage is that a greater number of particles are exposed to plasma condition at a faster rate than the surfaces
sublimation/ vaporization present with regular electrodes)
Also, the smaller the particle size of the nanoparticles spheres the greater the surface area per gram of powder.
The rate of flow into the electrodes is controlled by moderating the pressure differential between the ferrofluid
reservoir and the plasma chamber, in-line flow valves and controlling the amount gas flow exiting the reaction chamber..
A magnetic field can easily direct this magnetite "smoke" because magnetite is slightly magnetic and always
paramagnetic, with the other constituents products consumed or not directable by magnetic force.
Electrostatic or HEPA filters for filtering soot from oleic acid combustion
( Consider the effectiveness of home air purifier to remove odors and smoke (electrostatic)
(similar to Heli-arc welding process) to prevent atmospheric oxygen from reacting with ionized iron or aluminum.
Stan made much of the concept of "shunting" properties of Argon for the formation of transitional metal-
Argon matrices in the New Zealand House Meeting Tape
It's a basic principle of chemistry that for chemical reactions to occur, ionic or covalent bonds must
be formed or broken.
When we add energy (thermal, static, magnetic or nuclear) to atoms we change the electronic clouds and
characteristics of the valence shells.
Argon is a monoatomic gas that is very stable and filled outer electron shells
If you want Argon to react and enter into chemical reactions to form stable compounds
it needs to be in an extremely excited form as in a PLASMA-- providing very high heat
and extreme ionizing conditions. (as in old style neon signs)
Iron is fairly reactive and rusting (oxidizing) at low temperatures partly because of
greater distance of the electrons to the positive nucleus and type of partially filled outer electron shell
Both moieties need to be in a common state of matter.
For example, when we combine mix solutions of two different salts, all the atoms are existing part of the time as ions
''''''''''if one combination of the atoms form an insoluble salt, the reaction is forced to completion as the
precipitate is removed from the reaction.
If in the reaction an insoluble salt precipitates out, the reaction is driven to completion because the
precipitate is more stable ( lower entropy) and the more soluble entities remain in solution.
Now consider the situation of having Argon and Iron react:
When you destabilize the octet shell of Argon , from a energetics standpoint really wants
to complete its outer shell (octet rule) they often can react because all the parts of the compounds are
in an ionized form.
Iron, on the other hand is very reactive when heated and so in the process of smelting iron ore, making
iron from iron oxide ore we use coal or carbon to strip away the oxygen because the CO2 and CO bonds
are stronger than the iron oxygen bonds and are removed from the process as gases thereby driving
the smelting process to completion.
So essentially the plasma conditions are putting the iron, magnetite and argon into a common ionized form
so that they can react.
Under extreme conditions the ionized argon is functioning more like reactive chlorine or fluorine ions..
Argon, Chlorine and Fluorine have among the highest first ionization energy requirements!
Going back to a more stable state thus releases the the greatest energy and the new compounds have
the lowest entropy.
So there is a tendency for Argon to associate toward the iron whose outer electrons have easily "boiled" off
Argon -1 is less negative ionically than Fe -2 -0r -3. Argon is monoatomic but once ionized it can more easily
strip or share electron for iron. Basically it that takes more energy to pull off a second electron from Argon than
pull or or share electrons from the outer electron shell of iron.
The plasma spark is creating white hot incandescent magnetite with iron ionized on the surface of the nanoparticle
In nature Argon is monoatomic but under extreme conditions. so while it is possible to make Xenon Hexafluoride
crystals (,a noble gas with a highly reactive fluorine ion) it too exists under extreme conditions
In this case, we are driving the the reaction of charged Argon to react with larger iron atom witch
will have lots of electrons more easily shared with a newly reactive Argon to complete its outer Argon shell
3. So now to "cool it" we make use of the electron extraction circuit into a resistive load
such as a incandescent bulb(s) or nichrome heating element isolated ground which removes energy and
then make use of the flash cooling coils and heat exchanger/ with Liquid Nitrogen./or 134a Freon(r)
A negative pressure gradient exists between the plasma vessel and electron extraction grid with the heat
convection, electrostatic and magnetic linear drive coils assisting in movement or transport of the new
compounds and particles
4. AND if the heated particles are subsequently strongly magnetized (below the Curie temperature)
the size of the particle can allow for discrete magnetic domains
The particle still retains its paramagnetic properties of the magnetite but the surface
is more iron-like because of its covalent bonding with argon at the surface.
The excess argon and iron-argonide acts in two ways:
1. Firstly like a coating or "surfactant" on the surfaces of the nanoparticles to keep the particles apart
and dilution
and secondly to prevent oxidation during the metal-gas covalent formation.
There would be electrostatic repulsion between the particles as well as some
steric effects or shunting by the surface iron argonide with excess free argon creating
additional dilution and steric spacing between the magnetic particles.
Similar to dilution by kerosene when preparing ferro fluids of lower magnetic susceptibly
The EPGs may be circulating magnetized dust particles on a carrier of argon and
the output enhanced by using a variety of compressional, angular and linear flow modulations
in the magnetic fields traversing the pick-up coils.
explaining in different words----------
One method of preparation would be to use a thin hollow iron tube as one electrode in a high voltage arc.
But the tube is used to pump small amounts of ferrofluid t though the hollow electrodes and into the plasma arc arc.
Just as in Heli-arc welding the arc area is flooded with a basically non oxidizing gas .
but in this case the gas is argon at a reduced pressure.
It is similar to having a argon sign with iron electrodes. (ionized argon and iron ions) The cooling is fairly rapid as
evidenced by the shiny deposition of metal on inner surfaces of the old style tube pentodes and triodes or in the process
of aluminizing films for first surface mirrors)
But this only occurs after passage toward and through the grounded control screens. (electron extraction)
The advantage to this process is that the diameter of the iron (magnetite) particles are of a uniform size about 10nM
-----uniform sizing a help in forming uniform matrices
As the outer surface of the particles are heated in the plasma spark the electrons on the surface of
the magnetite particles are boiled. off or ejected. The argon atoms ions are extremely reactive and, as you know,
octets of electron shells are very stable.
The iron (or nickel or cobalt) ( because of the larger atomic diameter) the electrons in the outer orbits are more
able to be shared or be captured by the vacancy in the 2s or 2d electron orbits of the noble gases.
Argon is a good its size and relatively low weight allows for good saturation of the surface while
reducing the average weight of the particles. This improves its ability to be carried in the circulating argon
stream.
So think of 10nM particles of iron magnetite being surrounded by electrically neutral iron-argonide.
(or argon shunting as Stan said) but having a magnetized or magnetizable core. It is analogous to magnetite
being surrounded by oleic or stearic acid emulsifiers in the oil based ferro fluids for physical stability
having of paired electrons spinning the the same direction ( a characteristic of the transitional metals)
Stabilization is partly chemical (iron-argonide) on the surface of the particles and partly physical separation
by excess argon gas to reduce the clumping similar to that caused by magnetic attraction in the ferrofluids.
Other uncharacterized processes may be occurring...
But Argon and the other gaseous elements in the same column of the periodic table Ne ,,Kr, , and Xe, ,He all exist
as monoatomic gases at STP. To create compounds with the rare gas series , electron(s) need to be removed
from the outermost electron shell.
If you look at the figures for Ar, ,Ne, Cl etc. you will see the higher levels of voltage for first electron removal.
The easiest way to do this is with a high voltage transformer to create a spark gap such as used in the older (pre LED)
neon signs
Since Stan mentions specifically the use of Iron, Cobalt and Nickel from the magnetizable transitional metal series , in the
mid 1980's when he was working on the EPG, the ferrofluids were a convenient way of obtaining small particles of iron.
The nanospheres from ferrotech are 10 Nm. In the early seminars ( the ones where he was shooting metal
rods into cotton wadding he was showing the movement of iron by magnetic forces. (He was quite the showman)
If you inject the ferrofluid (non-aqueous because
water acts as a quenching agent) the volatile
kerosene would boil off and remains is the
non volatile nanospheres and and the oleic acid
But that's alright because this burning process is being
done under the presence of an Argon atmosphere.
Because the carbon has a lower first electron ionization level in a plasma situation, the Argon will preferentially
accept electrons The octet rule for electron shells is paramount.
So the introduction of the ferrofluid directly into the plasma arc heats the nanoparticle to white-hot incandescent
temperatures in the presence of ionized argon
Some iron is actually vaporized into monoatomic
vaporized Fe but because you can introduce
the iron at a greater rate than Argon you can force
the reaction to have more nanospheres incompletely
vaporized
The analogy is similar to running an ICE lean or rich . The iron is the fuel, the argon is the oxygen
Since you are getting an incomplete "burn" the "soot" is basically incomplete combustion
ie.. surfaces of nanospheres are combined with argon but the core remains as magnetite
The higher temperature of the magnetite/iron core are then magnetized and then cooled creating
discrete magnetic regions aligned with the existing magnet flux line at the time of cooling below the
Curie temperature.
The resulting spheres will have as higher amount of
magnetic aligned flux
Afte r separation the magnetized iron nanospheres can be dispersed in a more concentrated amount
into the argon carrier for use in the 6 and 7 level Mag-Gas EPGs
regards
Think dust[ /b] not gas
.
Q and A
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A1 for sandia24 The construction of the nanotrodes is fairly straight forward I already had a lot of the SS tubing with about 3 mmOD
The aerosol venturi system is more suited to the dry powders. The ultrasonic transducers will reduce the clumping of
nano-powders but electrostatic attraction could be a problem. That is why the liquid carrier system is better.
Consider the typical antifungal foot spray powders pressurized iso-pentane and micronized power antifungals
The immediate vaporization of the carrier occurs with some adiabatic cooling at the nozzle but the nanotrode is
arcing so the heat conduction will vaporize the kerosene near the tip so depending on flow rate of the ferrofluid
all have is the magnetite 10nM particles and a vapor being fed into the plasma chamber
Q for librarian12 Pls check pats in JP CA US EPO and WIPO for circuit for gas generator a member here needed it
A2 for sandia24 Good question., I think in this case you want to opt for a lower viscosity ferrofluid, and even though this falls outside the Goldilocks
zone for the liquid EPG series, the use of lower viscosity ferrofluids can be adjusted for by running the rxn for a longer period of time
because you are only concerned the the final amount of product So if the concentration of the Nano-magnetite is half that per ml of the
more viscous choice, just run the reaction twice a long. You still wind up with the same amount of ionized magnetite particles.
you can increase yield by increasing the umber of nanojectors per reaction vessel. thnx for specs Team blue will send you theirs
Randkey 94177
